U.S. public education is managed by state and local governments and controlled under federal subsidies by the U.S. Department of Education. Children in most countries must study at school from the age of five or six (early or late kindergarten) until 18 years of age (usually to twelfth grade, finishing secondary school); other jurisdictions allow pupils to quit school at 16 or 17 years of age. Around 12% of youngsters attend private parish or non-sectarian schools. As of 2012, 3.4% of children are at home. In the 2016/17 school year, the United States spends more per student on education than any other nation in the world, spending an average of $12,794 a year on primary and secondary public-school pupils. About 80% of U.S. university students participate in public schools.